REVIEW

• draw out the neuron

  • cell with eloganted portion bc it facilitates communication acorss many forces
    • receiving and transmitting end

• draw out the action potential

• neurotransmitters

  • structure chart
  • let in ions into the cell

• the cell is surrounded by a solution of ions

  • Na+ and K+

• neurotransmitter lands on receptor + opens the channel

  • LIGAND-GATED channels
    • only open in response to neurotransmitter

• cell body region: summation of ion charges

  • • or -s can flow in

  • small changes in charges

    • IPSP
      • small change in - direction

  • rest: -70

    • EPSP
      • small change in + direction

  • A.P only occurs at threshold

    • channels in AXON HILLOCK now open
      • b/c of VOLTAGE change
        • Na+ channels open
          • positives like negative interior

  • Node of ranvier

    • un-myllienated portion of axon
    • Na+ and K channels
      • Na+ in K+ out in out in out skipping node to node etc (saltatory conduction)
    • ascending portion Na+ going in
    • descending portion after A.P → K+ going out
      • all the way below (hyperpolarization)
    • enzymes break down neurotransmitters
    • be prepared for specific questions
    • has to come back to -70 for another A.P to occur
    • antidepressants block the reuptake channel
      • serotonin builds up in the synpase
    • MAOIs → increase serotonin
      • can block the enzyme breakdown
    • neurons inhibited from firing
    • GABA: neurotransmittter associated with alcohol
      • keep the voltage from reaching threshold

    the nervous system: the central nervous system

    • two main divisions
      • central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous sytsem (PNS)
    • central nervous system
      • brain + spinal cord
      • sensory info from external world
      • coordinates info
      • commands skeletal + muscular systems for action

    the nervous system: the peripheral nervous system

    • connects the CNS to the body's organs + muscles
    • somatic nervous system: conveys info in + out of CNS
    • autonomic nervous system: involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessles, body organs, and glands
      • sympathetic nervous system: prepares body for action in threatening situations
      • parasympathetic nervous system: helps body return to a normal resting state
        • prepare body for stressful situations

  

  

  sympathetic response "fight/fright/fight"

  • increasing heart rate
  • increasing blood pressure
  • dilating pupils
  • increasing perspiration
  • increasing blood flow
  • breathing becomes deeper and faster
  • adrenaline is produced which stimulates the heart + other organs to help defend the body

  components of CNS

  • comprised of spinal cord + brain
  • spinal reflexes: simple pathways in nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
  • relex arc: a neural pathway that controls reflex actions

• interneurons between sensory + motor neurons
• communicating w each other
• motor neurons synpase on muscles
• respond to environment through reflexes without the brain
• interest in preservation and survival
• some reflexes disappear after childhood

brain structure

• review sctructure-function relationships
• know the general layout of the brain
• 3 major divisons of the brain:
  • hindbrain: coordinates info coming into and out the spinal cord
    • controls basic functions of life
    • medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons
  • midbrain: important for orientation and movement
  • forebrain: highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

the hindbrain: coordinates info coming in and out of the spinal cord and controls the basic functions of life