• women make up more than 40% of math + statistics majors

  • more than 50% of all STEM majors

  • more than 70% of all life sciences majors

  • stereotype about math that is not universal

    • 3x more white male econ majors than white female econ majors

    • fewer underrepresented minority women majoring in econ than white women

    • 45 degree line is the equality line?

      • we are way below

    • comparing to white men

    • there are more female undergraduates than there are male

    • physics up by a lot

      • 25% → 45% in 10 years

    • engineering increase as well

    • economics sameish

    • nearly 3 times the mention of men in the first book

    • audit study: sending out fake resumes to employers (female and male names) + varied minority statuses
      • analyzing difference in callbacks
    • sent out fake emails from students

    reading this

    • 62% women + minority + 20% = response of white men
    • white men being responded to at higher rates overall
    • the 2% and 1% for social sciences + humanities are not necessarily statistically relevant

    exception:

    • fine arts

    • this study was conducted to get data on how male and female economists are treated differently

    • female presenter interrupted much more frequently than male presenter economists

    • women given less time to do their presentation

      • coders asked to indicate whether questions fell into these categories
      • women asked 1.2 fewer supportive questions
      • women asked .1 more hostile questions
      • important to put in controls only compare talks in particular seminar series
      • once you put in controls:
        • clear that the statistics for hostile questions is significant bc it is still there post control variables taken into consideration
      • reliability depends on amount of people in the sample and how representative they are
      • 2 stars means more statistically significant
      • no stars means that you cannot treat it differently from zero
      • coders blind to purpose of the study

      • adjucnt/term prof = non tenured: teach for a certain period of time
      • tenured: permanent position, associate profs
      • tenured-track: hired as someone who is one day going to be tenured
      • 22% of tenured-track + tenured are women
      • at a place like columbia, only 11% of full profs are women
      • BARNARD: 50% female department
        • far right

      • each point: 30 dif economists
      • co-authored papers transfer to tenure more for men than women
      • explanation maybe
        • men being given credit