<aside> 🌟 Domjan Chapter 3 and Chapter 9: p245-252 (sections 9-1 through 9-2b; We are only going to cover extinction in Pavlovian conditioning procedures.)

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The Early Years of Classical Conditioning

• Pavlov
  • Extension of research on digestion
    • Developed surgical techniques that enabled dogs to survive many years with artificial fistulae that permitted collection of various digestive juices
      • Juice became a remedy fro various stomach ailments
  • He figured out how to place a new discovery into a compelling conceptual framework

The Discoveries of Vul’fson and Snarskii

• First systematic studies of classical conditioning were performed by S.G Vul’fson and A.T Snarskii in Pavlov’s lab

• Students focused on salivary glands

  • Vul’fson studied salivary responses to various substances placed in the mouth
    • Ex: dry food, wet food, sour water (lemon juice), sand
  • After dogs experienced these things, the site of them would make them salivate
  • Snarskii extended observations to artificial substances
    • Gave his dogs lemon juice that was colored black
    • After several encounters with the black sour water, the dogs began to salivate to plain black water / bottle containing black liquid

• Orosensory stimuli: distinctive texture and taste sensations in the mouth

  Experiment originally placed sand in the mouth, which elicited salivation. After sand had been placed in mouth several times, the site of sand itself elicited salivation

  • Dogs learned to associate visual features of sand with its orosensory features

• Object learning: the association of one feature of an object with another

The Classical Conditioning Paradigm

• Pavlov’s basic procedure

• Two stimuli

  • Tone or light that does not elicit salivation at the outset of the experiment
  • Food or taste of a sour solution placed in the mouth
    • Elicits salivation even on first time presented

• Conditional stimulus (CS): Tone/light

  • Effectiveness of this stimulus in eliciting salivation depended on pairing it several times with the presentation of food

• Unconditional stimulus (US): Food/sour taste

  • Effectiveness in eliciting salivation did not depend on any prior training

• Conditional response (CR): salivation that came to be elicited by the tone/light

• Unconditional response (UR): salivation that was always elicited by the food/sour taste

• Unconditional

  • Stimuli/responses whose properties do not depend on prior training

• Conditional

  • Stimuli/responses whose properties emerged only after training
  • “Dependent on”

Experimental Situations

• Contemporary experiments on Pavlovian conditioning are carried out on many different species
  • From dogs to rats, mice, rabbits, pigeons, quail, human participants

Fear Conditioning

• Conditioning of emotional reactions